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Reform of the assistance animals provision of the Disability Discrimination Act

Dr Sev Ozdowski OAM
Acting Disability Discrimination Commissioner

REPORT FOLLOWING CONSULTATIONS ON SECTION 9(1)(f) OF THE DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1992 DEALING WITH ASSISTANCE ANIMALS OTHER THAN GUIDE DOGS AND HEARING DOGS.

18 November 2003

Section 9 of the Disability Discrimination Act ("the DDA") defines unlawful discrimination as including treating a person with a disability less favourably because he or she is accompanied by a guide dog, hearing assistance dog or any other animal "trained to assist the aggrieved person to alleviate the effect of the disability".
 

The reference to other assistance animals was included in the legislation to recognise the fact that people with a range of disabilities other than vision and hearing impairments may derive valuable assistance from appropriately trained dogs. 
 

A decision of the Federal Magistrates Court in 2002 - [2002] FMCA 95 (9 May 2002) - highlighted concerns about how the DDA provides for recognition of assistance animals other than guide and hearing dogs. Concerns about the operation of section 9 of the DDA have been raised on a number of occasions by local government, retailers, public transport providers and guide dog organisations, as well as by some organisations involved in training assistance dogs. 
 

The court in Sheehan v Tin Can Bay Country Club found a dog which made its owner, a man with an anxiety disorder, feel more confident in social interactions, to be an assistance dog, and to be a trained animal because its owner had trained it; and found it to be unlawful discrimination to prevent the dog being into public premises or to require the dog to be kept on a leash while there. The Disability Discrimination Commissioner regards that decision as rendering the operation of section 9 unsustainable in its current form. 
 

In July 2003 the Disability Discrimination Commissioner released a paper discussing concerns that section 9 of the DDA does not give adequate definition to rights and responsibilities in relation to animals other than guide or hearing dogs, and seeking comments on options for reform. Concerns identified included

• lack of clarity on what evidence may be required of an animal's status as an appropriately trained animal and of a person's need for assistance by that animal;
• lack of express provision in section 9 that as well as the animal being trained to provide assistance, the training extends (as guide dog and hearing dog training does) to giving other parties a high degree of assurance of appropriate behaviour and health standards in the animal, such that it can be safely admitted where dogs or other animals are not otherwise permitted.
• assertion, in a number of cases, of a right claimed to be founded on the DDA to be accompanied (including on public transport) by inappropriate breeds of dog including large and intimidating breeds;
• confusion in this area undermining the effectiveness of legally recognised access rights for guide dogs and hearing dogs (in terms of recognition by retailers and other service providers and in terms of public acceptance);
• lack of clarity of rights and responsibilities contributing to conflict between service providers and users of "other" assistance animals.
   

The paper also sought comments on possible approaches to recognition of assistance animals and agencies for their accreditation, either directly under the DDA or under State and Territory based regimes or both.

Submissions and comments on issues raised by submissions

Submissions were received from a range of individuals and organisations in the disability community (including guide dog agencies, organisations of blind and vision impaired people, users of "other" assistance animals and organisations training assistance animals); from transport providers and from health authorities:

• Disability Aid Dogs
• N.Terell
• Psychiatric Service Dogs Society
• T.Rogers
• G and D. Taylor
• N.Fahey
• Royal Guide Dogs Tasmania
• Blind Citizens Australia
• J.Oliver
• Guide Dogs Victoria
• Association for the Blind W.A.
• Senator E.Abetz
• Assistance Dogs Australia
• A.C.T. Road Transport Authority
• Lions Hearing Dogs
• State Rail Authority
• Queensland Health
• South Australia Public Transport Board
• Disability Services Commission Western Australia
• Queensland Rail
• Qantas

Submissions are summarised below with comments on issues raised.

Disability Aid Dogs:

This organisation trains assistance dogs, and provided two submissions. Their initial submission strongly supports continued recognition in the DDA of "other" assistance dogs, but also indicates concern about lack of adequate standards regarding how and by whom these dogs can be trained. They acknowledge burdens placed on local government as well as on people with disabilities by the current uncertain position, and are concerned by the effect of this on recognition and acceptance of use of assistance animals.

This submission calls for

• the reference to "animals" in the DDA to be changed to refer to dogs in the absence of any training or acceptance of other animals in Australia in practice;
• trainers being required to have a minimum two years experience or else recognised formal qualifications;
• introduction of a requirement for users of assistance animals to be able to produce a card or similar evidence;
• non acceptance of larger and aggressive breeds as assistance dogs;
• an express requirement for the dog to be under the physical control of its handler in public;
• recognition and regulation functions being conducted at Federal and state levels rather than through local government..

In their second submission Disability Aid Dogs provide comments on a number of other submissions, to.

• endorse concerns expressed by Guide Dog Associations regarding the undermining of public acceptance for access rights of users of guide dogs through the assertion of access rights for less well trained animals. However they argue that the solution should be through better standards rather than through removal of rights of users of other assistance dogs. They indicate agreement in principle with the approach of Blind Citizens Australia in this respect.
• endorse comments in other submissions emphasising benefits which may be gained by some people with psychiatric disabilities from use of assistance dogs, and support recognition of assistance animals for this purpose so long as the dog is providing assistance rather than only comfort.
• oppose calls in some submissions for home training by users to be accepted as sufficient without additional training or certification;.
• accept the benefits gained by some people with epilepsy of seizure alert dogs, but again insist on high levels of training, independently evidenced, if such dogs are to be recognised as assistance dogs for use in public.
• oppose the recommendation in Assistance Dogs Australia for all training to conform to the standards of Assistance Dogs International, recommending development of appropriate Australian standards instead.

Comments:

Better definition or removal of other assistance animals: As argued by this submission, the most desirable course is to provide better definition within the DDA in relation to assistance animals and for appropriate regimes for their recognition and regulation to be developed rather than removing reference to other assistance animals.

Dogs or animals: The current reference to "animals" rather than dogs may cause confusion. As indicated by the current discussion, even the use of assistance dogs other than guide and hearing dogs is at or near the boundaries of Australian regulatory development and community acceptance. For example, while people with physical disabilities might well derive valuable assistance from trained primates, current quarantine laws and other aspects of animal regulation law would not permit public use for this purpose, and it appears unlikely that Australian laws or community attitudes will change in the near future to permit use of assistance primates, so that it would be misleading for the DDA to appear to create a right to use these animals. The use of miniature horses as assistance animals, which is developing in the United States, would not face the same quarantine issues but would require other issues to be addressed, both in regulatory terms and in community acceptance, such as whether and how these animals would be able to travel on public transport.

However, it would be unfortunate to amend the DDA in a way which completely closed off avenues for recognition of developments which might occur in future in use of other assistance animals, and acceptance of this use in community attitudes and relevant regulatory regimes.

An appropriate response may be to amend the DDA to refer to assistance dogs but also refer to other assistance animals to be prescribed by regulation.

Qualifications for trainers: The appropriate qualifications for people training assistance dogs (or certifying training by others) appears to require further consideration. This consideration is best conducted by authorities which regulate animals in consultation with training bodies and users of assistance animals, rather than being able to be specified by the DDA at this point.

User trained dogs: It does not appear possible at this point for the DDA itself to specify whether all assistance dogs should be trained professionally, or what process of certification ought to be required to guarantee that a dog trained by its user has been trained appropriately. The DDA should, however, at the least require independent evidence that a dog has been appropriately trained, rather than retailers and others being expected to accept a person's own unaided assertion that they have trained a dog as an assistance animal.

Requirement to be able to produce evidence: Such a requirement would improve certainty for all parties. Ideally, the DDA would point to a nationally consistent form of identification based on consistent assessment criteria. Pending further regulatory development however it appears appropriate for the DDA at least to require that a person be able to produce evidence that a dog is in fact an assistance dog and has been trained to meet appropriate standards of behaviour.

Non-acceptance of intimidating or aggressive breeds: This point should be accepted in principle, while noting that some scope may need to be left for assessment of the reasonableness of assessment of a dog as inappropriate for this purpose.

Requirement for direct physical control by handler: Legislation appears needed on this point in view of the decision to the opposite effect in Sheehan v Tin Can Bay Country Club, noting indications from other submissions, including Blind Citizens Australia, that such a requirement applies to guide dogs.

Recognition and regulation functions being conducted at Federal and state levels rather than through local government: Appropriate mechanisms for recognition and regulation appear to require further development through consultation between authorities which regulate animals and training bodies and users of assistance animals, rather than being able to be specified by the DDA at this point..

Psychiatric service dogs: A dog which is trained to provide assistance to a person with a psychiatric disability in respect of the disability would be an assistance dog within the meaning of DDA section 9, and should be recognised as such so long as evidence can be provided that the dog in fact provides such assistance and is has appropriate training and behaviour. However there is a distinction, which should be maintained in the interests of public acceptance of assistance dogs, between assistance and the provision of comfort and reassurance alone, and that this distinction requires statement in the legislation in view of the decision in Sheehan v Tin Can Bay Country Club.

Seizure alert dogs: A dog which is able to provide this form of assistance to a person with epilepsy would be an assistance dog within the meaning of DDA section 9, and should be recognised as such so long as evidence can be provided that the dog in fact provides such assistance and is has appropriate training and behaviour.

Adoption of Assistance Dogs International standards: Appropriate standards for training in order for assistance dogs to be recognised require further development through consultation between authorities which regulate animals and training bodies and users of assistance animals, rather than being able to be specified by the DDA at this point..

N Terell

This submission refers to a wide range of people with disabilities who may derive benefit from an assistance dog and expresses particular concern that recognition should be maintained for epileptic seizure alert dogs.

Comment:

The objects of the DDA would be promoted by assistance dogs being able to provide assistance to people with any disability who are able to benefit from such assistance, so long as the status of these dogs as assistance dogs and appropriate standards of training and behaviour can be sufficiently well evidenced to provide certainty to other parties and avoid undermining public acceptance of assistance dogs including guide dogs.

Psychiatric Service Dogs Society

This United States based organisation emphasises the importance of functions performed by assistance dogs for some people with psychiatric disabilities, including panic alerts. They argue that training by the user is the preferred method for psychiatric service dogs. They also argue that provision of comfort or reassurance by an animal for people with mental illness is in itself a form of assistance which should be recognised as equivalent to sensory or mobility assistance.

Comment:

As indicated above, the objects of the DDA would be promoted by assistance dogs being able to provide assistance to people with any disability who are able to benefit from such assistance, so long as the status of these dogs as assistance dogs and appropriate standards of training and behaviour can be sufficiently well evidenced to provide certainty to other parties and avoid undermining public acceptance of assistance dogs including guide dogs. This does not mean however that the comfort and reassurance provided by being accompanied by a dog can in itself be accepted as sufficient for a dog to be defined as an assistance animal under the DDA.

T Rogers

This submission argues for the benefits of training of assistance animals by their users. It asserts that the presence of dogs in public places presents no different hygiene issues than the presence of people.

Comment:

As indicated above, it does not appear possible at this point for the DDA itself to specify whether all assistance dogs should be trained professionally, or what process of certification ought to be required to guarantee that a dog trained by its user has been trained appropriately. The DDA should, however, at the least require independent evidence that a dog has been appropriately trained, rather than retailers and others being expected to accept a person's own unaided assertion that they have trained a dog as an assistance animal and that it meets appropriate standards of behaviour and hygiene.

D Taylor

This submission refers to the benefits of a seizure alert dog for a person with epilepsy. It argues that for the author's own dog the ability to provide a seizure alert is a natural ability rather than requiring training; and argues that obedience training should be sufficient for recognition.

Comment:

A dog which is able to provide this form of assistance to a person with epilepsy would be an assistance dog within the meaning of DDA section 9, and should be recognised as such so long as appropriate evidence can be provided. The form of amendment proposed in this paper would recognise a dog which in fact provides assistance (where there is appropriate evidence of this), the requirement for training being directed to issues of behaviour and hygiene.

D Fahey

This submission also argues for acceptance of training of assistance animals by their users. The author concedes that some independent evidence or certification of training may be desirable but is concerned that this function should not be restricted to traditional guide dog training agencies.

Comment:

As indicated above, the details of accreditation or certification regimes appear more appropriately developed by authorities which regulate dogs, in consultation with training organisations and the disability community, rather than being able to be specified by the DDA itself at this point.

Guide Dogs Tasmania

Guide Dogs Tasmania argue that while they do not wish to exclude the developing rights of users of other assistance animals, they are concerned to protect the recognition that has been achieved by guide dogs. They emphasises the importance of thorough socialisation and training programs including in relation to hygiene and toileting and behaviour regarding other animals. They note concern from food and other industries regarding confusion as to which animals have access rights. They recommend further investigation to determine appropriate accreditation processes for assistance animals.

Comment:

This paper endorses the view that the DDA ought to indicate that other assistance dogs should meet standards of behaviour and hygiene comparable to those applying to guide dogs, and that further development is needed to determine appropriate accreditation processes for assistance animals. The proposals made in this paper for amendment to the DDA would give some improvement in definition of rights and responsibilities pending development of appropriate regimes in more detail for regulation and accreditation. It is not proposed that the DDA withdraw reference to other assistance dogs pending development of such regimes.

Blind Citizens Australia

Blind Citizens Australia support coverage by DDA of other assistance dogs but are concerned by the lack of specification in the current law and indicate concern that confusion in relation to the interpretation of section 9 could undermine the effectiveness of legally recognised access rights for guide dogs and hearing dogs. They argue that retailers and other service providers have a right to be sure that they are not breaching any law in permitting access or providing services to a person using an assistance dog, and a right to be completely assured and confident that all animals, including dog guides, are trained to a certain level, their appropriate behaviour is guaranteed and they do in fact provide disability related assistance to the user.

BCA recommends an amendment to the DDA in relation to assistance animals to define an animal as "trained" only when:

• The animal is trained by an accredited organisation; and
• The person is trained to use the animal by an accredited organisation; and
• The training the animal has received is relevant to the user's need for the assistance animal; and
• The user's need for the assistance animal relates to his or her disability.

BCA argues that the term "trained to alleviate the effects of disability" must incorporate much more than companionship and increase in self-confidence, while accepting that it is important not to exclude people with mental illnesses who require support other than with physical tasks or mobility. In balancing these two issues, BCA believes that the process of only providing legal rights to users of assistance animals from accredited agencies should provide sufficient assurance to service providers even in situations where a person's disability is not immediately obvious.

BCA recommends that State and Territory governments should develop schemes that enable organisations which train animals to assist people with disabilities to gain accreditation and that a card similar to the card which is used by dog guide users should be issued to people using assistance animals and should be carried at all times the animal is being worked in public.

BCA rejects the option of prescribing State and Territory health and hygiene laws under s.47(3) of the DDA, arguing that its suggested clarifications to s.9 and the adoption of laws or protocols for the accreditation of organisations training assistance animals and their users should obviate the need to prescribe State/Territory health and hygiene regulations under s.47(3).

Comments:

Training by accredited organisation: There are clear advantages in terms of quality assurance for training, or at least certification, of assistance animals to be conducted by organisations accredited for the purpose. However, to amend the DDA to insert such a requirement at this point, before consistent accreditation regimes are in place, would in effect remove many users of "other" assistance dogs from coverage by the DDA. It appears preferable to make some immediate improvements in definition within the DDA together with provision for subsequent regulations to recognise the development of more specific recognition regimes as they arise. BCA's view regarding the desirability of State and Territory governments developing appropriate accreditation and identification regimes should be endorsed.

Companionship v assistance: As indicated above, there is an important distinction in this respect which should be recognised in the DDA.

J Oliver

This submission emphasises the wide range of people with disabilities who benefit from assistance animals and refers to a lack of agencies training animals for use other than for people with sensory disabilities. The author notes a wide range of needs which assistance animals may serve for people with psychiatric disabilities.: "The animal can act as a physical barrier between the person and others; identify dangerous persons; and act as a focus point during anxiety attacks." This submission calls for a centralised accreditation and registration agency and questions local government expertise for this purpose.

The author also asserts that assistance animals "are kept well groomed and clean. Regular vaccinations, worming, flea and tick treatments are used to kept the animal in peak physical condition. They are healthy and of good temperament, and completely toilet trained."

Comments

Psychiatric service dogs: As noted above, it is appropriate for the DDA to apply to use of assistance dogs by people with disabilities without restricting this to sensory and mobility assistance. However the presence of a dog for self confidence or physical protection in itself does not amount to provision of assistance in relation to a disability.

Grooming and hygiene of all assistance animals: It is not at all clear what guarantees there are that all assistance dogs have the desirable features the author asserts them to have in the absence of requirements for training or certification.

Centralised accreditation and registration: While national consistency may be desirable, regulation of dogs for most purposes in Australia is in fact within the field of State, Territory and local governments.

Guide Dogs Victoria

This submission supports the views put by Blind Citizens Australia.

Comments:

See comments on BCA submission.

Association of the Blind Western Australia

This submission argues that

• if other assistance animals are to enjoy the same status and community acceptance as guide dogs, their provision and ongoing performance demands similarly rigorous regulation, accreditation and monitoring;
• scrutiny and control of assistance animals is best conducted at state, territory and local government level rather than at a federal level.

Comment:

The proposals made in this paper for amendment are consistent with this submission.

Senator E.Abetz

This submission, on behalf of Senators Abetz and Calvert, supports the views expressed by Guide Dogs Tasmania.

Comment:

As indicated above the proposals in this paper are intended to address the concerns raised by Guide Dogs Tasmania among other organisations.

Assistance Dogs Australia

Assistance Dogs Australia (ADA) trains dogs for a number of purposes: 
 

• service dogs which provide physical assistance and are trained over a two year period to be able to operate in the home and in the community including on public transport;
• companion or therapy dogs which are trained only for home use; and
• facility dogs, which are trained to provide companionship and support in residential facilities but are not trained for general public use.

Their submission sets out the training and behavioural standards indicated by Assistance Dogs International, an association of which ADA is a member. They make the following recommendations:

• Any organisation that trains and places Assistance Dogs in Australia should be a member of Assistance Dogs International, and accredited by the ADI represented organisation in Australia, except that organisations that have been providing Assistance Dogs for more than 5 years should be able to accredit their own dogs. Organisations should have to follow ADI's code of ethics, training standards and accreditation procedures.
• People who already have an assistance dog need to meet the same standards that ADI has set out. Local councils could be trained by ADI recognised organisations and then perform the public access tests themselves
• Only service dogs should be allowed public access.
• The user and dog team need to clearly show identification, including the organisations contact phone number. The dog must wear a service dog coat, and must be on lead at all times.
• A working committee should be formed to assess all avenues.

Comments:

Qualifications for training organisations: It does not appear appropriate for these issues to be specified directly by the DDA. As indicated above, development of appropriate regimes for recognition by relevant State and Territory authorities would be useful. In this context, it might be considered unusual for recognition of an organisation for regulatory purposes in Australian law to depend on membership of an international non-government organisation. It might be thought more relevant to ensure that organisations meet appropriate standards and procedures. The Assistance Dogs International materials may well provide a useful reference point in discussions in this respect.

Certification by local councils: As noted above, the details of regimes for recognition of assistance animals appear to require further discussion between authorities which regulate dogs, training organisations and the disability community rather than being able to be specified at this point through the DDA. However if user trained dogs are to be accepted as assistance dogs some evidence of appropriate training and behaviour is required, and local government could provide an accessible means for assessment and certification to occur.

Identification and restraint: As indicated above, assistance dog users should be able to produce appropriate identification, without the DDA itself necessarily specifying the form of identification. It is also agreed that assistance dogs in public should be restrained by being on a leash or in harness.

Service dogs only: The view should be endorsed that to be recognised as assistance dogs for public access purposes a dog must be trained for appropriate behaviour in public rather than only for assistance in the home.

ACT Road Transport Authority

The ACT Road Transport Authority notes that there is a prohibition in the ACT on taking animals onto buses without the driver's permission but that this prohibition does not apply to assistance animals, defined in the same terms as the current terms of section 9 of the DDA.

This submission supports a nationally coordinated approach through the DDA provides a regime for recognition of assistance animals which is then used or reflected in State and Territory and local government regimes regulating animals.

Comment:

As noted above the most appropriate means to achieve progress towards better definition of rights and responsibilities in this area appears to be for the DDA to be amended as set out at the commencement of this paper, without seeking to incorporate in the DDA itself at this stage a detailed recognition regime, which should rather emerge from further work at State and Territory level and could then be recognised under the DDA by making of regulations.

Lions Hearing Dogs

This submission supports Blind Citizens Australia's position, that training should be conducted by accredited organisations only. They note that clarification will need to be made on what constitutes an accredited organization and how and by whom these institutions will be approved

Lions Hearing Dogs also recommend that all hearing dogs, guide dogs and assistance dogs should be easily identifiable through lead, collar or harness and that identification cards must be carried by all owners at all times when the dog is working.

Comments:

Accredited organisations: As noted above the recommendation in this paper is that the first step should be some amendments to the DDA to improve the principles applying to assistance animals, rather than requiring training by accredited organisations before a regime for accreditation is in place.

Identification: It is agreed that assistance dog users should be required to be able to produce appropriate identification and evidence.

State Rail Authority NSW

The State Rail Authority indicate that they accept that there is a broad range of disability needs addressed by assistance dogs, but are concerned by the potential for uncertainty in the current legislative position.

They note that rail safety regulations assume that the dog will be under the user's direct physical control.

This submission recommends:

• That 'other animal' be removed from section 9 and replaced by 'other dog'.
• That 'trained' be defined to include:
  • A standardised system of training by a Recognised Agency for both animal and handler, which includes for the animal, training to alleviate the effects of the disability pursuant to the DDA and general training in relation to socialisation; including the requirement that the handler retain direct control of the animal (ie a leash)
  • registration and certification process; which includes a renewable process to ensure the standard of training and socialisation for the animal is maintained and that a standard of skill and responsibility awareness is maintained by the handler.
• Definition of a Recognised Agency in the DDA Regulations.

Comments:

Dogs and animals: As noted above it appears appropriate that the reference to an "animal" should be replaced by a reference to a "dog", subject to a power to include other animals by regulation in future if and when this is decided to be appropriate.

Requirement for restraint: As noted above it is agreed that assistance dogs in public should be restrained by leash or harness.

Definition of training: As indicated above an appropriate first step would be to amend the DDA to provide expressly that assistance animals require training to ensure comparable standards of behaviour to those applying to guide dogs. Specification of more detailed standards of appropriate training including registration and certification processes would be useful but appear to require further discussion.

Definition of recognised agency: It is agreed that definition of recognised agencies for purposes of training, certification or accreditation would more appropriately be undertaken by subsequent regulations under the DDA in the light of further development at State and Territory level rather than being undertaken at this point through the DDA itself.

Queensland Health

Queensland Health recognises the important role assistance dogs and play in increasing the independence and dignity of people with disabilities and that accordingly unreasonable restrictions should not be imposed on use of assistance animals. However, they note that consideration must also be given to health and hygiene of the community. Queensland Health supports maintenance of an ability to resolve issues at a state level to supplement DDA requirements.

Queensland Health also recommend

• improvement in the definition of other trained assistance animals;
• standard guidelines or training competencies to be met prior to declaring an animal as an assistance animal;
• restricting other assistance animals, for the purposes of the Food Safety Standards, to set types of animals considered acceptable for access to food establishments (noting for example that rats or birds would be unsuitable whatever level of training they have
• clear identification of approved assistance animals.

Comments:

Resolution of issues at state level to supplement DDA requirements: The recommended approach in this paper is intended to facilitate this.

Improvements in definition: This paper proposes some improvements to the DDA in this respect.

Standard guidelines or training competencies: As indicated above these might more appropriately emerge from further discussions between State and Territory authorities and training organisations and then be recognised through DDA regulations rather than being specified by the DDA in the first instance.

No rats or birds: As indicated above this paper supports a restriction to assistance dogs, subject to a power to include other animals by regulation in future. It is not expected that regulations would be made to permit assistance rats or birds in public, for the reasons of hygiene referred to by Queensland Health.

Clear identification: The DDA should be amended to require assistance dog users to be able to produce identification. State and territory regimes might usefully specify more detailed requirements in this area which could then be recognised for DDA purposes.

South Australia Public Transport Board

The Public Transport Board support continued coverage by the DDA for "other" trained assistance animals but note that:.

The lack of guidance in the DDA related to section 9 and how transport providers should respond to requests to transport "assistance animals" has created considerable concern to many transport providers following the Tin Can Bay ruling. The lack of specification within the DDA relating to evidence required for an animal's status to be deemed as appropriately trained and the lack of processes associated with the identification of a person's need for assistance by that animal is a significant issue for all parties. This is especially the case where a person wishes to be accompanied on public transport by aggressive or intimidating breeds of dog.

The Public Transport Board, while recognising efforts by HREOC to address current uncertainty, recommends that HREOC support each State and Territory developing strategies and administrative procedures to address the identification and accreditation of assistance animals for use by a person with a disability in accordance with the objectives of the DDA. They suggest such procedures should be reviewed annually over the next five years.

Comment:

The approach proposed in this paper appears consistent with the approach suggested by the PTB submission.

Disability Services Commission WA

This submission notes the importance of assistance animals for a range of people with disabilities but also notes limited availability of training for assistance animals other than guide or hearing dogs.

Comment:

This point indicates one reason why it appears premature for the DDA to specify a particular training or accreditation regime.

Queensland Rail

Queensland Rail endorses the views expressed in the Discussion Paper on uncertainty resulting from the current position of assistance animals, and supports a national recognition regime.

They note that while most handlers of guide dogs and hearing dogs have an ID card that has been issued under the provisions of state guide dog legislation, handlers of other assistance animals need to provide a range of documents to satisfy public transport providers, including

• a signed letter from a health professional identifying the person's medical condition or disability and that the animal alleviates its effects;
• a certificate from a veterinarian identifying the animal's vaccinations and current health status;
• a statutory declaration that (a) the animal responds to control and assistance commands and is toilet trained (b) the animal is trained to respond to the emotional or practical assistance needs of the handler. This declaration is required to be provided by a training organisation or individual which has either trained or assessed the animal.
• local government registration to ensure that the dog is an approved breed and help identify any history of aggressive behaviour towards people and other animals.

QR state that they would like any changes to the DDA to be practical and flexible and support an approach allowing handlers who self train their animal such as people with a psychiatric disability to have their animals assessed and certified.

Comments:

This paper endorses QR's view on the need for users of assistance dogs to provide evidence of the animal's status as an assistance animal and of appropriate training. As indicated above the most feasible first step appears to be for amendments to the DDA to improve relevant definitions, with more detailed regimes for recognition, certification and identification requiring further development involving State and Territory authorities.

Qantas

Qantas recognises the value of assistance animals and regards it as appropriate for properly trained and accredited assistance animals to have access to public transport but is concerned by uncertainty under the current provisions of the DDA and the possible effect of this on passenger comfort and safety. Qantas seeks explicit permission to ask passengers for evidence of need for an assistance animal and the suitability of the animal. Qantas also endorses limitation of section 9 to refer only to dogs. Qantas endorses a requirement that assistance dogs should be trained to levels equivalent to those applying to guide dogs and sees as desirable a nationally consistent accreditation and identification scheme.

Comments

The views indicated by Qantas are similar to those from other public transport operators which are discussed above.

Conclusions and recommendations

Submissions confirm the need for reform in this area.

Some immediate improvement in definition of rights and responsibilities appears possible through amendments to the DDA.

Development of appropriate regimes for recognition and regulation of assistance animals is also desirable, but appears to require further work and to be best pursued through State and Territory authorities in co-operation with training organisations and the disability community, rather than being readily able to be provided through the DDA itself at this point.

Appropriate amendments to the DDA can however facilitate developments in this respect.

Amendments should

• alter DDA section 9(1)(f) to refer to assistance dogs rather than "animals", but with provision for other assistance animals to be added by the regulations;
  specify that companionship or reassurance in social interactions is not in itself assistance; and
• specify that it is not discrimination
  • to require that an assistance animal be under direct physical control by its user;
  • to require a person accompanied by an assistance animal to provide evidence that the animal provides assistance in relation to the person's disability and the nature of that assistance,
  • to require a person accompanied by an assistance animal to provide independent evidence that an assistance animal has been trained to comply with standards of hygiene and behaviour comparable to those applying to guide dogs
  • to refuse access to an animal which it is reasonable in the circumstances to regard as being of inappropriate breed or temperament for use as an assistance dog.

It also appears appropriate to provide for regulations to be made specifying the nature of evidence sufficient or required to be provided that an animal is an assistance animal and is appropriately trained - so that the DDA can recognise further developments towards appropriate regimes for recognition and regulation in this area as they occur.